Injustice Is An Unfair Treatment - 1209 Words

What are some examples of injustice in America? Before you start to answer that question, consider what the word injustice means. Injustice is like a plague. If one person doesn’t speak up about unfair treatment, they are allowing injustice to infect everyone. The Webster dictionary definition states, â€Å"Injustice is an unfair treatment or situation in which the rights of a person or a group of people are ignored (Merriam-Webster).† There are various examples of injustice in the Criminal Justice System, the occupation field, and the education system that negatively impact the citizens in America. To begin with, the Criminal Justice System is meant to protect citizens and enforce the laws of the United States of America. However, the Criminal Justice System continues to be flawed in the areas of protecting innocent citizens and stereotyping individuals with diverse backgrounds. How is it fair that African-Americans get more time in prison than Caucasians? How is it fa ir that innocent people accidently get sentenced to go to jail? How is it fair that if you’re a Muslim you are automatically seen as a terrorist? How is it fair that an unarmed African-American male gets bullets fired into his body for doing nothing at all? It is unjustifiable that the Criminal Justice System has failed these individuals. African-Americans get more time in prison for carrying out the same crime as Caucasians. It is as if the judges doing the sentencing are bias towards Caucasians. There areShow MoreRelatedInjustice Is An Unfair Treatment1212 Words   |  5 PagesInjustice in America What are some examples of injustice in America? Before you start to answer that question, consider what the word injustice means. Injustice is like a plague. If one person doesn’t speak up about unfair treatment, they are allowing injustice to infect everyone. The Webster dictionary definition states, â€Å"Injustice is an unfair treatment or situation in which the rights of a person or a group of people are ignored (Merriam-Webster).† There are various examples of injustice in theRead More`` The Jungle `` : Social Injustice And Unfair Treatment Of The Working Class1128 Words   |  5 PagesCarnegie, though, didn’t necessarily approve of the wealth distribution and was aware there was an issue. However, others didn’t feel exactly the same. Upton Sinclair shows this in the novel, The Jungle. The novel highlights the social injustice and unfair treatment of the working class in the nineteenth century. Although a work of fiction, the novel brings to light t rue occurrences from heavily populated cities during this time period. In several instances, the novel details how the quickly risingRead MoreInjustice in Work Place1051 Words   |  5 PagesInjustice in Workplace and its Impact on Organizations Justice is the wide concept that could be seen or not in many aspects of life, in courts, in countries, between families, or even at workplace or many others. From a business point of view, in which justice might be at any type of private or governmental organizations, employees might face different kinds of unfair treatment based on different reasons. According to Duan, Lam, Chen, and Zhong this is part of what is known as the â€Å" LeadershipRead MoreThe Importance Of Justice In Act 2, Scene 4 Of Henry VIII1120 Words   |  5 Pagesthe simple, holy, and dutiful wife, subjected to the injustice and corruption of the royal court at the hands of the Cardinals Wolsey and Campeius and the King. With this, the nature of the corrupt court is shown, as well as the retaliation of Katherine, the simple woman, in the face of injustice. Through this, Shakespeare gives us a better understanding of the nature and emergence of justice in the play and the reactions of the people to injustice a cted upon them. At the beginning of the scene, allRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Southern Injustice Analysis853 Words   |  4 Pages Southern Injustice James J. Corbett once wisely stated, â€Å"Individuals can resist injustice, but only a community can do justice†. This quote paints a clear picture of how sometimes individuals, such as Atticus, can stand up for what’s right, yet the entire community must invest in justice in order to advance in this area. Striving for truth and justice in their own lives, all citizens must make an investment in seeing that justice also oversees everything happening in the community. Sadly, inRead MoreAct 2 Scene 4 Of Henry Viii1238 Words   |  5 Pageswife, subjected to the injustice and corruption of the royal court at the hands of the Cardinals Wolsey and Campeius and the King. With this, the nature of the corrupt court is shown, as well as the retaliation of Katherine, the simple woman, in the face of injustice. Through this, Shakespeare gives us a better understanding of the nature and emergence of justice on Cardinal Wolsey for his scheming and mistreatment of others in the pla y and the reactions of the people to injustice acted upon them. Read MoreThe Theme of Injustice Depicted in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird1199 Words   |  5 PagesIn Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, injustice is a main theme that is reflected towards many characters. To Kill a Mockingbird, is a novel written by Harper Lee and published in the nineteen-sixties. Many characters in the story are treated unfairly in society due to racial or prejudicial attitudes. Overall these characters are innocent victims of injustice. Atticus, Boo Radley, and Tom Robinson are considered to be mockingbirds in the novel. A mockingbird was defined as a bird that did nothingRead MoreEssay On Social Injustice1495 Words   |  6 Pagesabout social justice and maximize on social injustice as a whole. Social injustice in the court system with fathers seeking additional parenting time with their child(ren) and reduction in child support expenses has increased in the past couple of years. These are fathers who have been treated unfairly due to thei r status as a father. Social injustice is as complex as it sounds, Chung and Bemak (2011) expressed that social injustice is unfair treatment or inequities that have resulted from racismRead MoreWhat Does Human Justice And Injustice Look Like?1318 Words   |  6 PagesBefore answering the question of â€Å"What does human justice and injustice look like?†, we ought to firstly define the two words. First we give an informal, contemporary definition of the words. The word justice can be defined as being treated with fairness or fair behavior, the word justice is also commonly linked with peace and good. On the other hand, the word injustice can be defined as the opposite of justice and absence of fairness and justice. Theses two words are commonly linked and correspondsRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effects On Affirmative1263 Words   |  6 Pagesgives an unnecessary advantage to minorities in America. In a 2009 Pew Poll, â€Å"58% of African Americans agree† and only â€Å"22% whites agree† that there should be â€Å"preferential treatment to improve the position of blacks and other minorities† (Public Backs Affirmative Action†). Today affirmative action and other racial injustices tend to be in the spotlight quite often, such as in â€Å"Fisher v University of Texas at Austin† case which highlighted that many highly qualified white prospective students are

Help Seeking Behavior Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(78) " group from Shahpur block and 2nd one from non rubeolas Nagrota Bagwan block\." Two reported eruptions of rubeolas in extremely immunized hilly countries were investigated under two bomber centres, viz. , Sailli and Sarah. In Sailli, the entire figure of instances were 51 with overall attack rate-6 % ; ( Sex Specific AR-male 12 % while female 7 % ) 4 ; and in Sarah there were 18 instances in all with overall onslaught rate as 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Help Seeking Behavior Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 % ; ( Sex specific AR-male 6.94 % and the female 7.2 % ) 5. All the instance patients belonged to 5 old ages plus age group ( Range being 5 old ages to 17 old ages ) during the period from September to November, 2006. The last reported eruption of rubeolas in the block was 8-9 old ages ago. During the same period no such eruptions were reported from any other blocks within the territory. Hence, a survey was undertaken with the aims ; ( 1 ) To depict the aid seeking behaviour of female parents of kids with and without rubeolas and the factors associated with it and ( 2 ) To urge appropriate remedial steps to forestall and command farther eruptions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this survey an in-depth reappraisal of the literature on the aid seeking behaviour of female parents and subsequent factors associated with rubeolas eruptions enabled choice of specific issues/factors. Many factors are reported to be associated with rubeolas such as geographically hard hilly countries, hapless socio-economic strata with unemployment ; marginalized subdivisions like scheduled castes/tribes ; illiteracy, overcrowding, beneficiary related issues like aid seeking behaviour of female parents ; community/mothers ‘ beliefs and barriers of people seeking health/help from the local chelllas/quacks/village elders/relatives/ neighbours/ /friends6. ( A ) Study design: A comparative survey. ( B ) Study period: 14th Nov. , to 14th Feb. , 2008. ( C ) Study country: Sub centres Sailli and Sarah, Shahpur block ( Measles outbreak Exposed ) and sub centres Mallan and Samloti of Nagrota Bagwan ( Measles not exposed ) block of territory Kangra which are more or less likewise placed. ( D ) Study population: Community members for Focus Group Discussions and female parents of kids ( from 5 old ages to 17 old ages ) with and without rubeolas of bomber centres Sailli and Sarah, Shahpur block ( Exposed ) and sub Centres Mallan and Samloti of Nagrota Bagwan comparative ( Non exposed ) block of territory Kangra. ( Tocopherol ) Sample size: Community members for 4 Focus Group Discussions ( FGD ) with ( two FGDs-one male and 2nd female ) for instances. One FGD consists of 20 males and likewise, 2nd one with 20 females individually under Shahpur block and equal Numberss of FGDs for comparing under Nagrota Bagwan block ; and all female parents of entire 69 instance patients of two eruptions in the Shahpur block with exposure to rubeolas ( 5 old ages to 17 old ages with average 9 old ages ) in survey country with equal number-age and sex matched in comparative Nagrota Bagwan block were taken while the population features were the same. ( F ) Operational definitions of Measless: WHO definition: We defined a instance as the happening of febrility with roseola with or without cough ; rhinitis and pinkeye in a occupant of the small towns under bomber Centres Sailli and Sarah of Shahpur block ( Kangra ) between 1st September to 30th November 2006. ( G ) Data aggregation technique and tools: Study squad: Beneficiary related issues: We carried out an appraisal of aid seeking behaviour of female parents of instances and female parents of age and sex matched controls in comparative block utilizing Focus Group Discussions ( FGDs ) and in-depth interviews of all female parents of entire 69 instance patients with exposure to rubeolas in survey and comparative blocks. For this exercising, we constituted two squads of wellness workers. In each squad, there were six wellness workers ; three males and three females and they were supervised by two male wellness supervisors. The whole squad was trained and supervised by two senior medical officers. This procedure was carried out by interviews utilizing check list of inquiries and interview agenda utilizing qualitative standardised questionnaire. We besides compared the responses for four FGDs and in-depth qualitative interviews of all female parents of entire 69 instance patients of two eruptions in survey Shahpur and comparative Nagrota Bagwan blocks. We sought and obtained clearance from ethical commission from National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai. We analyzed the informations by MS-excel sheet, Stat calc and utilizing Epi info version 3.3.2. Consequence: Brief description of both countries: Topographically and demographically, both blocks are more or less likewise placed. Both the survey blocks are hilly situated at the height of 2600 pess to 2900 pess above the sea degree. Population features of both blocks are more or less same. 25-30 % of SC/ST and 4-5 % of ST with 30 % of OBC classs and remainder others constitute the caste constellation. In instance block, we have 36 bomber centres, 5 primary wellness centres, one community wellness Centre with 90 % of the adult male power in place while in comparative block, 38 bomber Centres, 5 primary wellness Centres and two community wellness Centres with 95 % of human resource in place. Beneficiaries related issues: Distribution of baseline features in the survey group: Age: The average age of the instance and comparative groups kids was 9 old ages while mean was 9.6 and the manner was 6 ( scope being 5-17years ) , as the survey was matched for age and sex merely. So, out of 69 instances, 35 ( 51 % ) instance group and comparative group were ?9 old ages and 34 ( 49 % ) kids were A ; gt ; 9years of age. Sexual activity: The proportion of the males in instances and controls were high 43 ( 62.3 % ) while those of the females were 26 ( 37.7 % ) . Religion: All instance and comparative groups were belonging to Hindu faith. Type of household: Merely 45 instances ( 65.2 % ) and 49 ( 71.0 % ) were holding the atomic households. The cultural epidemiology and aid seeking behaviour of female parents of kids in Shahpur and Nagrota Bagwan blocks were assessed with ( I ) Focus Group Discussions and ( two ) for in-depth qualitative interviews, we recruited all 69 female parents for entire instance patients and equal Numberss in 1st comparative group from Shahpur block and 2nd one from non rubeolas Nagrota Bagwan block. You read "Help Seeking Behavior Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" They were exposed to the selected variables for cognizing socio-economic position ; the community every bit good as the personal beliefs/barriers of the female parents of the affected and non affected countries coupled with cognition, attitude and pattern ; clip and distance from wellness attention installation ; attitude towards the heath system variables etc. In the Shahpur/Nagrota Bagwan blocks, 20 females and 20 males from the different nearby small towns participated in each block. The educational degrees of the females participants in Shahpur/Nagrota Bagwan blocks varied from nonreaders ( 24/8 in figure ) ; 5th criterion ( 10/6 ) ; Middle criterion ( 4/10 ) Matric criterion ( 2/16 ) while those of the males participants fluctuated from nonreaders ( 14/6 in figure ) ; 5th criterion ( 16/12 ) ; Middle criterion ( 2/10 ) ; Matric criterion ( 6/10 ) to Graduate ( 2/2 ) . In Shahpur block, the two groups of the participants had a sum of 43 ( 40 three ) kids, out of which 15 have suffered from rubeolas. All the kids were immunized against rubeolas. In Nagrota Bagwan block, the two groups of the participants had a sum of 36 ( 30 six ) kids, out of which six have suffered from rubeolas. All the kids were immunized against rubeolas. From the above noted four FGDs ( 40 males and 40 females ) and in-depth qualitative interviews, ( 69 female pare nts of instance block and 69 female parents of comparative block ) , we concluded the undermentioned critical points from all the respondents of both blocks. In Shahpur and Nagrota Bagwan blocks, rubeolas is locally known as Dharrssali largely, ( 80 % ) followed by less known as Chhotti mata ( 15 % ) and the least as Bodri ( 5 % ) . For bodily experience of rubeolas, 95 % respondents in Shahpur block have the personal experience in over 5 old ages of age but 25 % respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block do non hold the bodily experience of rubeolas outbreak in the country. All rubeolas related information has been largely heard or got from other beginnings. On aetiologic standing, 68 % respondents under Shahpur block property rubeolas to the expletive of goddess-Mata Ka vardaan hei and hence no flight path while the 55 % respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block grade contagion-chhoot is the causative factor. For wellness ( aid ) seeking behaviour of female parents, bulk ( 68 % ) of the respondents under Shahpur block spell by the established community belief and barrier that the free traditional intervention by faith therapists who recites mantras and Vannan shrubs motion on the organic structure and face of the instance patient for three to five yearss ; followed by 12 % by small town elders/neighbors/friends/relatives and in conclusion, if needed, confer withing physicians in the nearby wellness attention installations. 85 % of the people of the instance country go for the traditional therapists. The cost of intervention scopes from nil to Rs.350/- for Shahpur block whereas that of Nagrota Bagwan block, it is Rs. 200/- to Rs. 1200/- merely. 59 % of the respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block prefer modern system of intervention. For the inoculation of the kids, they have to go as long hilly distance as over 6-10 kilometers on pes devouring 3/4th hr to 2 and ? hr for nearest available wellness attention installation with long waiting clip in uncertainness. For the first aid when their kid falls badly, as per their community/mothers ‘ beliefs, Shahpur block chiefly goes for faith therapists but the minority educated females ( 18 % ) from immature coevals insist for allopathic intervention while Nagrota Bagwan block respondents ( 65 % ) opts for authorities wellness attention installations but the minority older coevals ( 14 % ) still advocates for religion healing. Nutritional attention to the Dharrssali ( Measles ) afflicted kid is given in the signifier of restricted diet, Saunfi Banaksha, illaychi, decoction made of Gur ( Local autochthonal intervention expression ) . Seul ( Heat emancipating comestible ) should be given in copiousness and smoke Sarson ( Mustard seeds ) is blown under the fingerstall of the patient and the fried points be avoided. As a follow up patterns in the station recovery stage from unwellness, 58 % respondents from Shahpur block invoke the approvals of the goddess Sheetla. 69 % respondents acknowledge the visit of the local wellness worker one time in a month while in Nagrota Bagwan block, 74 % female parents confirms the frequence of visit of worker as twice in a month. For immunisation, 85 % respondents in instance block and 90 % in 2nd block go for inoculation in their several bomber Centres at the age of nine months to one twelvemonth. It is 100 % female parents all the manner who take kids to the Centre for inoculation. Protective value of vitamin A supplementation has been emphasized by 45 % respondents from Nagrota Bagwan block. 94 % of the respondents for instance block have indicated their pick Centre for immunisation and wellness seeking patterns for the common complaints in the center of small town which should be easy accessible with regular handiness of the worker at bomber Centre Sailli. Discussion: Our survey consequences need to be interpreted in context of the major factor, viz. donees ‘ related issues. The consequences of FGDs in two countries suggest difference in two countries with regard to knowledge sing cause of rubeolas, aid seeking behaviour, intervention and follow-up patterns. Illiteracy and cognition are complimentary. Added with beliefs and barriers in the present survey, many important factors like geographically hard hilly countries, nonreader female parents, marginalized subdivisions like scheduled castes/tribes ; poorness etc are more inclined towards traditional unscientific lines in footings of cause and consequence. Measles is locally known as Dharrssali. Shahpur block hypothesize the generation of rubeolas as expletive of goddess despite high immunisation coverage in the countries. Mahapatro M et Al observed that bhattara tribal adult females believe that rubeolas ( gundi ) and varicella ( maa ) occur due to the wrath of the Goddess ( thakurani ) on the patient, they visit the ‘desari ‘ instead than a medical practitioner7. More crowded instances of rubeolas are at that place due to their individual roomed adjustment and poorness in instance block. For the first aid when their kid falls badly, as per their community /mothers beliefs, Shahpur block chiefly goes for free of cost religion therapists. A good ball of female parents of the instance country go for the traditional intervention merely because of poorness and illiteracy in the country coupled with stiff personal and community beliefs The other grounds may be ill-mannered behaviour of wellness suppliers with hard handiness and handiness of the wellness suppliers with long waiting clip in uncertainness. The cost of intervention is non easy low-cost for Shahpur block. Jagrati V et Al observed that besides economic barriers, the other 1s are hapless agencies of transit and long distances8. Nutritional attention to the Dharrssali afflicted kid is given in the sign ifier of restricted diet, Saunfi Banaksha, illaychi, decoction made of Gur. Seul ( Heat emancipating comestible ) should be given in copiousness and smoke Sarson ( Mustard seeds ) is blown under the fingerstall of the patient which eases rubeolas roseola to break out shortly. Avoid the fried points. Restricted nutrient with Seul rich diet during rubeolas was more operable in instance block. Belief barriers like nutrient and fruit turning away farther enhances vitamin A lack. The badness and continuance of unwellness were less in Shahpur instance block with vitamin A supplementation. Vitamin A supplementation has the protective function in cut downing the morbidity and mortality during the rubeolas outbreaks9. Mayfong Mayxay et Al recorded that the proportion of parents who practiced nutrient turning away behaviour was higher in the group with measles10 which agree with our survey consequences. The community ailment beliefs are more powerful in instance block like bulks of respondent s in Shahpur block believe that rubeolas has to look one time in life clip owing to the approvals of Sheetla mata-the culprit of the unwellness. As a follow up patterns in the station recovery stage from unwellness, so they invoke the approvals of the goddess Sheetla. On the other manus, population in Nagrota Bagwan block were cognizant of rubeolas as a disease caused by close contact with septic individual, resorted to intervention and followup by qualified physicians at healthcare installation. Mothers in comparative block country had better entree to healthcare installations as compared to instance country. From in deepness interviews it was apparent that though socio-cultural and economic factors were more favourable among comparative group female parents as compared to instance respondents. The surveies by Ratho RK11 et Al, VK Desai et al12, Murray M and Rasmussen Z13, Jagvir Singh et al14, R. F. Grais et al15 and Munesh SK et al16 support our observations. Restrictions: Recall prejudice could hold occurred with regard to remembrance of immunisation of the kids of the both survey countries. However, the prejudice could use to both survey countries. So the prejudice would be non derived function. Decision: -Majorities of the female parents with or without rubeolas in the hills seek traditional first aid ( such as intervention seeking and follow-up patterns of female parents ) during unwellness to quacks/chelas/faith therapists on history of hapless socio-cultural, economic factors ; myths and misconceptions ; malformed beliefs and barriers. -Distant and hard entree to healthcare installation in geographically tough countries is besides one of precipitating factors. Recommendations: Aggressive Information, Education and Communication ( IEC ) activities should be addressed towards modifying the aid seeking behaviour of female parents in the territory, particularly in the rubeolas affected countries. It has to be targeted and boosted for economic and societal behavioural alteration instead than informing the community. The duty has to be shared both by wellness suppliers, wellness searchers and community. Access to wellness attention installation needs to be improved through proviso of nomadic services on a regular basis in the distant countries. How to cite Help Seeking Behavior Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

How Overpopulation Causes Social Problems. Essay Example For Students

How Overpopulation Causes Social Problems. Essay How Overpopulation Causes Social Problems Introduction The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate How Overpopulation Causes Social Problems. Essay To do so you must take many things into consideration, such as different views of racial problems and conflicting definitions of a social problem. Social problems can be defined in many different ways. They effect everyone and some of us encounter problems everyday as a result of our race, religion, gender, or low income. Others experience problems from technological change or declining neighborhoods, others are affected directly by crime and violence in their own neighborhood, and sometimes definitions of social problems are changed by society because of changes around you. Finally in order to achieve the purpose of this which is to examine and discuss different issues and situations that cause social problems such as poverty. Overpopulation and social problems go hand and hand in todays society and there are many reasons and factors as to why these problems exist. Factors that lead to overpopulation that causes social problems are the increase in the number of single mothers in poor neighborhoods opposed to the decline in birth rates in the more efficient parts of the country, how the death rate is at a steady decline because of medical advances in rich and poor countries, the effects immigrants have on an environment and the population growth that occurs, the influence parents leave on children, and what is being done to help prevent the spread of AIDS because this is a deadly disease which is lowering our population but causing many social problems. Elements of a Social Problem There are also elements that make up a social problem. One of these elements is that they cause physical or mental damage to individuals or society (Carter p16) which means that sometimes people may permanently suffer before any action is taken to solve the problem because everybody thought it was not that big of a deal until sometimes permanent or short term damage has occurred. Another element is they offend the values or standards of some powerful segment of society (Carter p16) which means no matter what you do someone will always take offense against your actions because everyone has different views and values and what is important to some may not be to others. Another element is that they persist for an extended period of time(Carter p16) and everyone can picture that being true because as you solve one problem another always arises. The last element of a social problem is generating competing proposed solutions because of varying evaluations from groups in different social positions within a society, which delays reaching consensus on how to attack the problem (Carter P16). This is caused because there are many different social groups that have different ideas and solutions to the problems we may face. Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems There are also different sociological perspectives on social problems such as the functionalist, conflict, interactionist, feminist, and the postmodernist orientations. The functionalist view on social problems focuses on the social structures that hold a society together over time and they also see sociology as the science of social order. The second conflict orientation sees most social problems as arising from disorganization due to group differences. Another view is the interactionist orientation, which concentrates on how people perceive and define the events that influence their lives. The feminist orientation gives women a voice in a world that has been dominated by male-oriented perspectives in the past. The last and final one is the postmodernist orientation which, is an emerging and still controversial approach to studying society. Postmodernist insist that the change is so great that a more complex and far less hopeful world has supplanted the modern one we thought we lied in. The Effect of AIDS and Birth Rates are falling but Population is not. Aids is a deadly disease which is hurting a large amount of our population but at the same time it is causing many conflicts and social problems within our society. The Evolution of Espionage in America Essay Widdison and .

Tivo Marketing Case Analysis (Hbs) Essay Example For Students

Tivo Marketing Case Analysis (Hbs) Essay TiVo Marketing Executive Summary The disappointing sales performance during the Christmas 1999 season ended up being a priceless lesson for TiVo’s marketing team: it was the catalyst that created the need for a TiVo’s new communications strategy. However, defining this new marketing campaign was challenging, especially after the feedback received about the product indicated issues like limited awareness and hard-to-communicate functionalities. The main focus of this new marketing campaign is to select a positioning strategy that will speed up the adoption of TiVo among consumers. The marketing team has three options on how to position TiVo: 1) as an enhanced digital video recorder, 2) as a product that gives viewers the ability to create their own television network, 3) or as a super VCR. I recommend that they position TiVo as the super VCR that gives users a unique TV experience. Analysis TiVo’s potential goes beyond the introduction of an innovative electronics product; it has the power to change the habit of how Americans watch television. We will write a custom essay on Tivo Marketing Case Analysis (Hbs) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now So far TiVo’s penetration has been extremely limited, many consumers are not aware of its existence, and at the point-of-sale, the salespeople are encountering difficulties in explaining the benefits of the product. Moreover, TiVo represented a totally new innovative product that targeted the enhancement of television viewing, which was clearly not on anyone’s priority list. To communicate TiVo’s advantages, the marketing team has considered using different advertising sources for different purposes. However, this approach eliminates the possibility of communicating a consistent message across all potential buyers. Without a consistent message, consumers will be confused of what TiVo truly represents. Most consumers are aware of what a VCR is, so positioning TiVo as the super VCR would make it easier for consumers to associate it with a familiar product and its functions. If the message behind TiVo focuses on providing users with the ultimate television experience, consumers are likely to be curious about what this super VCR is all about. It indirectly encourages consumers to try this state-of-the-arte innovation. The drawback of positioning TiVo as an enhanced digital video recorder is that consumers can view it as an extremely high technological innovation, not suitable for a typical household, but apt for technologically savvy consumers. Digital recorders are a relatively new innovation, with a limited awareness and familiarity among consumers. It narrows TiVo’s ability to reach a wider range of consumers. Positioning TiVo as a product that allows any user to program his or her own TV network not only focuses on one of the many features of TiVo, but the idea behind it is too abstract. TiVo’s relative advantage is high, as its innovation is significantly better than the products it is replacing, specially the regular VCR. Before TiVo, the average household spent more than 7 hours watching TV. TiVo’s intent is to make television viewing a lot more enjoyable, making it a totally new experience. Thus, its functionality is highly compatible with the existing consumer behavior. However, due to the many benefits the product offers, many consumers have difficulty understanding all the benefits of the product. Some users even had trouble using the system, which is not very easy to use; therefore its complexity is high. The trialability of TiVo is low, since the product can be experimented most of the time either in retail stores through a demonstration or through the online demo available at TiVo’s website. TiVo’s observability is currently low, since many consumers have a lack of awareness of its existence. Finally, the risk involved with TiVo’s launching is high, as there is an important amount of capital committed to the success of the project. TiVo’s proposed positioning as the super VCR can be analyzed with the Marketing Mix analysis. Product. .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 , .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 .postImageUrl , .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 , .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13:hover , .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13:visited , .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13:active { border:0!important; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13:active , .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13 .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b134952e76d40a103b4d647180bfc13:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Body Parts EssayTiVo, the super VCR, is the first digital video recorder that empowers television viewers to create their own personal television network. Viewers can pause live television to attend interruptions such as phone calls or unexpected visits. It gives viewers the freedom to watch whichever program they want, whenever they want. With TiVo’s capacity to store up to 30 hours of recorded television, users reduce the hassle of using videotapes to record television programs. Users virtually eliminate the possibility of missing their favorite shows, since they can set-up TiVo to record them. With these aforementioned features, TiVo will revolutionize the way Americans view television. Price. The current price of $999 for the 30-hour TiVo box is extremely high. It can easily discourage any early adopter or a TV addict. Hence, the marketing team should reduce the price to $399, even lower if financially viable. The more attractive the ticket (i. e. TiVo Box) for the ultimate TV experience, the easier consumers will be lured in. The service fee structure seems at a very reasonable price, it requires no major price adjustments. Place. Electronic retail stores, such as Best Buy, Circuit City, and Sears serve as the best channels to sell the product. It is imperative that the marketing team develops a training program for the sales force of those retail outlets. Many consumers will have their first TiVo experience in a retail store; hence, the salespeople must be prepared to demonstrate the benefits of TiVo in a flawless way. The internet should be used as another channel to sell the product, especially the TiVo website, where it must have a friendly-user demo, so customers can interact with TiVo. Promotion. Consistency is the key to launch a successful communication strategy across the different media sources. The marketing team should focus on attractive ways to create the need and dependency of TiVo. Offering a 30-day free trial for the TiVo recorder and service is an excellent way to allow consumers to fully experience TiVo’s benefits. Presenting testimonials of TiVo users about their positive experiences with the product stimulates the curiosity among consumers who want to know what the super VCR really does. Recommendation Positioning the TiVo as the super VCR that provides the ultimate TV experience will speed up the adoption of this innovative product. This theme stimulates a very particular interest among those who consider watching television as a means of entertainment. Moreover, delivering this message builds on TiVo’s brand identity, which can be associated with the innovative super VCR that changed an old-fashioned lifestyle. TiVo is more than the first digital video recorder that gave consumers the opportunity to develop their own personal television network; it is the super VCR that is making the habit of watching TV as the ultimate experience.

3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension

3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension 3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension 3 Sentences That Present Obstacles to Comprehension By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, the statement’s wording or syntax problematically interferes with reader comprehension. Discussion and revision of each example points the way to a clear solution. 1. He exchanged greetings with leaders from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. This sentence implies that Afghanistan and Zimbabwe are names of leaders, because the writer is trying to use from both on its own and as part of a â€Å"from . . . to† range. For the statement to make sense, the category of which the two names are examples must be specified, preceded by a preposition linking leaders with that word: â€Å"He exchanged greetings with leaders of countries ranging from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.† 2. Focusing on H1-B visa reform has caught the technology industry’s attention, which has long argued that it must attract the best and most qualified workers to compete in the global marketplace.   Here, the attention of the technology industry, rather than the industry itself, is said to have argued a proposition. To properly identify who or what is doing the arguing, that entity must be mentioned immediately before the subordinate clause, as shown here: â€Å"Focusing on H1-B visa reform has caught the attention of the technology industry, which has long argued that it must attract the best and most qualified workers to compete in the global marketplace.† 3. Companies should follow a common privacy framework such as the federal Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Privacy and Security Framework for Electronic Exchange of Individually Identifiable Health Information. Take care not to overwhelm the reader with excessively long, complex strings of words in proper names. Here, a standard developed by a federal agency is treated as if the agency’s name is part of the standard’s designation. A simple (but scarcely more effective) solution is to use the possessive form of the agency’s name. Better yet, treat the connection of the agency’s name to the standard as a subordinate clause: â€Å"Companies should follow a common privacy framework such as the Privacy and Security Framework for Electronic Exchange of Individually Identifiable Health Information, a standard developed by the federal Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Precedent vs. PrecedenceFew vs. Several

Spell My Name Right

Spell My Name Right Spell My Name Right Spell My Name Right By Maeve Maddox I dont care what the newspapers say about me as long as they spell my name right. No one knows who said it first, but anyone who has ever written for a newspaper or magazine has heard some version of this quotation. It’s a thought to be taken to heart by anyone–journalist or not–who has occasion to write someone else’s name on an envelope or in a comment box. People don’t just dislike having their given names misspelled, they suffer feelings of rejection when the person who does the misspelling is a relative, friend, teacher, or business associate. Here are a few typical complaints: How many times do I have to tell them? Even when it’s there in front of them, they misspell it! Is it that hard? Even some of my own family members misspell it. My name is so common you really have to go out of your way to misspell it. Long before the modern trend of deliberately altering the conventional spelling of traditional names became popular in naming babies, careless people misspelled ordinary names like Michael and Margaret, reversing letters (Micheal) or leaving them out (Margret). Sometimes people pay so little attention to spelling that they come up with a different word altogether. For example, I sometimes receive emails addressed, â€Å"Dear Mauve.† Note: Mauve is a shade of purple; Maeve is a woman’s name. The words don’t even sound alike. Now that many new parents intentionally give difficult-to-spell names to their offspring, attention to spelling has become a social issue that affects everyone, not only professional writers. Personal feelings about unconventional spellings like Mychal for Michael, Jaxon for Jackson, or Jesaca for Jessica are irrelevant. If you know people well enough to address them by name, have the courtesy to learn how to spell their names. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your StoryLatin Plural EndingsStarting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

Back Pain Treated with Massage Therapy Research Paper

Back Pain Treated with Massage Therapy - Research Paper Example The search included Medline, Embase, Cinahl, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Inclusive were studies that compared massage therapy to other treatments for back pain and excluded was research studies done without a control and studies done with patients on pain medications. The results yielded 20 articles that met the criteria for this review. Positive effects from massage therapy as primary treatment were shown in all but one study. In that study, when compared to acupuncture, this researcher had better results with the acupuncture. There are still some unknowns that need further studies but there is evidence showing that massage is a good primary therapeutic choice. Back pain is one of the most costly and common musculoskeletal problems in modern society. It is the primary reason patients seek massage therapy and the second reason that a patient visits a physician with pain. Most primary care physicians will see at least one patient with low back pain per week. The economic impact of this back pain is great, including loss of work, treatment costs, and disability payments. In 1998, total health care expenditures incurred by individuals with back pain in the United States reached 90.7 billion dollars and total incremental expenditures attributable to back pain among these persons were approximately 26.3 billion dollars. On average, individuals with back pain incurred health care expenditures about 60% higher than individuals without back pain (3,498 dollars vs. 2,178 dollars). (Luo, Pietrobon, Sun, 2004). The primary goal in treating back pain is to improve the pain and return function. The patient and his physician have a number of treatment choices for this care. These choices include surgery, medication, acupuncture, exercise therapy, multidisciplinary rehabilitations programs, massage, and spinal manipulation as well as combinations of these. Most patients with chronic low back pain do not benefit from having surgery (Last, Hulbert, 2009). Chiropractic, massage, acupuncture and meditation have become more popular recently (Pengal, Herbert, 2003). Yet only recently has there been evidence-based investigation into treatments that are alternative to medication and surgery. This research will attempt to determine whether massage is a good treatment for the back pain. Literature Review Background Studies In 1997 the first full systematic review of studies was done by VanTulder, Marits, and Koes et.al. (1997). This was a review of randomized control trials completed up to 1997. The aim of that original literature review was to assess the effectiveness of alternative types of care for back pain. Many options were available at the time. A pain scale was used to rate the back pain in studies at that time and all of the studies included had participants with back pain that was rated between 7 and 9. The trials were then rated for validity and 35% of those trials reviewed were considered of high validity while 5% were considered not valid. Many flaws were noted in the studies, which included the use of medication during the trials and short-term effects were not considered in any of the studies. Only long-term effects were validated. Considering these things, the overall adequacy and validity of early control trial was poor. In 2005 VanTulder, Marits

An Examination Questions about Fundamentals of Financial Accounting Assignment

An Examination Questions about Fundamentals of Financial Accounting - Assignment Example Accounting is an extremely important activity of the business, which plays a critical role in the market economy. For instance, through accounting, it is possible for various stakeholders of different companies, especially investors to evaluate the risks and returns that they speculate to incur or gain from investing in various organizations (Ingram and Albright 22). This is because accounting allows for full and fair disclosure of such companies’ financial information and performance. Secondly, accounting provides capital markets with reliable information about the business activities of various organizations. In turn, this information is used by investors to determine profitable companies, in which they can invest (Ingram and Albright 22). This leads to the addition of value to society because the right decisions to invest and allocate resources to efficient and effective companies are made by the use of accounting information. In addition, accounting plays a role in the evaluation of contracts by society because it avails relevant information (Ingram and Albright 22). Accounting puts organizations on the check so that they can observe environmental laws and conserve the environment while carrying out their operations, which benefits the host society of such organizations at large. For instance, responsibility accounting is charged with informational responsibilities to the society in respect to the law (Bebbington, Laughlin and Gray 407). The recent trends of globalization have influenced accounting practices significantly. For instance, trade and investments between countries have increased. The amount of capital, goods and service flow across domestic borders has increased (Saudagaran 1). This requires that accounting information has to be prepared to meet the required international standards of transparency, reliability, and comparability (CGA Magazine).  

Theories of Ageing and Their Impact on Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Theories of Ageing and Their Impact on Health and Social Care Essay Theories of ageing and their impact on Health and Social Care Provision (D2) During life span and development, we learned about each of the stages of life. In this report I am going to focus on the final stage which is elderly. In today’s society the population of elderly people is rising. As the population of elderly people is rising, it means the need for health and social care services is rising too. As health care services have improved so much over the last number of years, it also means that elderly people will be able to live longer because of improved services and more awareness about health. 10 million people in the UK are over 65 years old. The latest projections are for 5? million more elderly people in 20 years’ time and the number will have nearly doubled to around 19 million by 2050’ – parliament UK As people start to age, most retire around the age of 65/70. For many this is a positive thing as it means more free time and also many elderly people deserve to retire as they have worked hard during their life. When a person retires they may use the time to travel or to get more involved with their community. Some may also move abroad to get more experiences and make the most of the free time they have. Many people continue life-long learning after retirement and may take up a new hobby, sport or language to fill up their free time. However, not everyone’s retirement or becoming elderly is positive. Many elderly people who are not as active may develop an illness or become very lonely. If an elderly person was to develop an illness, it may make them less mobile, depending on the severity of the illness and may end up making them become disengaged from everyone. Dependency is another aspect that elderly people have to face at some point towards the end of their life or even at the start of ageing if they do develop an illness. Many elderly people that go into care homes sometimes feel neglected and a burden. They then may not have as positive end of life as others. The government plays an important role in providing care and other services for elderly people. There are many services that are already in place for people who are 65+. Some examples are: * Free bus passes * Dental care * Eye care * Heating allowances * Free TV licences Free hearing aids * Home helps * Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy treatment free of charge These are just some examples of what is available for people aged 65+. There are many other measures being put in place all the time for elderly people. The government also constantly make positive changes to health care services. E. G. there are more care homes and domiciliary carers now than there would have been 20 years ago. A number of years ago, many elderly people would have been put in hospital and left there till they died however this is not the case anymore. Elderly people now have a choice whether they want to stay at home or go into a type of care setting. There are many ways in which the government have put measures in place to work around the service user and not to go by what the organisation wants. E. G. an elderly person has the choice of having a carer in each day to help them or whether or not they would rather go into care home. This is a positive change because it means not as many elderly people will have to worry about being put into a home without their consent. The government also have in place a pension. This can help an elderly person to live once they retire or run out of savings. Some elderly people may sell their house to cover the cost of living in a care home. This can then cause problems for families as they do not get anything. During my work placement I got talking to an elderly lady who was telling me about her 40 grandchildren that she has and how she would have to give them all money at Christmas. She said she shouldn’t really have given them all money because she can’t afford it but that it was something she always did. There are many reasons in today’s society why there are elderly people living in poverty. There are many cut backs being made that affects everyone although more so than others E. G. an elderly person. If an elderly person doesn’t have any savings and are just relying on benefits then they may start to struggle. A lot of elderly people go into residential care simply because they cannot afford to live alone and provide food and heat for themselves. For unfortunate elderly people who become ill, then they may face barriers too because they may be on a waiting list for something that they urgently need. Many elderly people do not have family to help and support them either and so some end up isolated and having to face problems on their own. In some cases, there are problems with domiciliary carers coming into an elderly person’s house. The statistics for levels of abuse states that the highest number of cases of abuse takes place in someone’s own home. This is a problem because an elderly person is vulnerable, especially if they are ill or have a mental health problem. However, there are many measures put in place now to try and prevent abuse happening E. G. eople who apply for a caring job have to be vetted and police checked, inspections are done in care homes more frequently and elderly people have advocates to speak up for them. Finally, elderly people should look at ageing as a positive aspect of their life because there are so many ways in which they can have a happy end of life and many other reasons why they shouldn’t become disengaged to everyone. Also , elderly people still have many opportunities to learn new skills and can also gain more experiences which should be enjoyed and treasured E. G. having grandchildren and watching their family grow.

Confucianism and the west :: essays research papers

Throughout the course of the first half of the semester we have taken a broad scope of the major aspects of the phenomena that has been the recent history of China. When studying Modern China a common thread of ethical, cultural, religious, political, social, and economic aspects can be analyzed in relationship to Confucianism and its affect on international relations. These aspects show that historically (particularly the nineteenth century) China initially resisted the acceptance of Western influence in order to maintain its high level of uniqueness, isolation, and Confucianism which has bred its prosperity and demise. From its early to modern societies it was abundantly clear that China would be a largely Confucian-based society. Confucianism is a major system of thought in China. Developed from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples, their ideals centered on concern with the principles of good conduct, practical wisdom, and proper social relationships. Confucianism has influenced the Chinese attitude toward life, and set the patterns of living and standards of social value. The keynote of Confucian ethics is jen, variously translated as "love," "goodness," "humanity" and â€Å"respect for your neighbor† (http://www.formosa-kingdom.com/chinese/). Jen is a supreme virtue representing human qualities at their best. In human relations, jen is manifested in chung, or faithfulness to oneself and others. Other important Confucian virtues include righteousness, propriety, integrity, and filial piety. It is in this light that thoughts of Confucius can so la rgely affect all facets of life. Confucianism can affect and determine the ethical viewpoints of entire nations. The ideal social structure of East Asia was that of a Confucian hierarchy followed individually by a strong familial structure. Chinese society was modeled in a true Confucian structure with governmental workers being the elite, followed by the crop producing farmers, then the merchants, and finally soldiers. Chinese ethics place an enormous emphasis upon respect. It was my understanding from discussion and research that a Confucian society is primarily based on honor and the ideology that everything is done in the best interests of the family or society. Confucius states in the first article of his constitution that: â€Å"Harmony should be held a treasure, and the person who eschews selfish opposition should receive honor† (East Asia, pg. 64 from last year). This was the case in the book Thousand Pieces of Gold when a young girl named Lulu virtually sacrifices her entire life for the greater good .

Case Analysis Chapter

Susan Weeper's proposition to collaborate with Central Transport In transforming the direction of SAAB. Susan wants to attract larger retailers In the Mid-Atlantic States by adding services such as warehousing, transportation delivery, and Inventory management to their business model. Susan is proposing the idea to Jean because Central Transport has experience in these areas, and Central Transport has worked with SAAB Distribution in the past.Susan also approached Washman's Food Markets as a potential customer for SAAB Distribution's new services. Washman's Food Markets already offer an array of additional services to customers, such as in-store bakery, in-store cooking demonstrations, and take-out options. 1 . The competitive market place for SAAB has changed tremendously over the last five to seven years. The rate of change for the competitive market place Is driven by several external forces Including globalization, technology, organizational installations, empowered consumers, an d government policy and regulations.For example, the Impact of the consumer Is much more direct than It was seven years ago. Today, the consumer has placed increased demands at the retail level for an expanded variety of products and services. This explains why Washman's business model offers so many added services to customers shopping in their grocery store. By offering these additional services, Washman's can set themselves apart from their competitors. It is important that SAAB focus on the customers, and be flexible and responsive to them. 2.Central Transport could experience many advantages in the proposed venture. First off, Central and SAAB have worked successfully with each other in the past when SAAB transformed its operations to respond to challenges In the competitive market place, therefore It will be a fairly smooth collaboration, since the two have previously done business together. The new proposed venture would also be a relatively successful business opportunity be cause Central already has experience in the areas of warehousing, transportation delivery, and inventory management.It would be a great opportunity for Central to expand their current market as well as open up many new windows for business. This would increase Centrals profit margin. 3. SAAB and Central could face a number of issues if they were to follow through with the new proposed venture. Some possible issues include supply chain networks, complexity, inventory development, information, cost and value, performance measurement, technology, transportation management, and apply chain security.It Is important that both SAAB and Central address these problems and issues appropriately in order for the new venture to run smoothly. By hilariousness In summary, this case is about SAAB Distribution's CEO, Susan Weeper's proposition to collaborate with Central Transport in transforming the direction of SAAB. Susan wants to attract larger retailers in the Mid-Atlantic States by adding serv ices such as warehousing, transportation delivery, and inventory management to their business to seven years.The rate of change for the competitive market place is driven by several external forces including globalization, technology, organizational example, the impact of the consumer is much more direct than it was seven years other in the past when SAAB transformed its operations to respond to challenges in the competitive market place, therefore it will be a fairly smooth collaboration, since Centrals profit margin.

Short History of Myanmar

Derived from BAMAR * ‘Burma’ – spoken form * ‘Myanmar’ – literary form 2. BASIC FACTS * Official Name – Republic of the Union of Myanmar * Capital – Naypyidaw * Form of Government – Unitary Presidential Constitutional Republic * President – Thein Sein * Vice-President – Nyan Thun (Navy Chief) * 2nd Vice-President – Sai Mauk Kham World Organizations – UN (1948), ASEAN (June 23, 1997) * Ethnic Group – Burmans 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, Others 5% * Language – Burmese (Sino-Tibetan) * Currency – Kyat (K) * Religion – Theravada Buddhism 89%, Christianity 4%, Islam 4%, Others 2%, Hinduism 1% * Foreign Rulers – Chinese, Muslims, Indians, BRITISH, Japanese * Date of Independence – (from British) January 4, 1948 *Geography – largest country in the mainland SEA Bordered on the NW by India and Bangladesh, NE by Tibet an d China, SE by Laos and Thailand, S by the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea * Highest point is Hkakabo Razi in Kachin / highest mountain in SEA, along the borders of Myanmar, India and China / along the foothills of the Himalayas * Lowest point is Andaman Sea/Burma Sea, southeast of Bay of Bengal * Major rivers are Irrawaddy, Thanlwin, Sittang * Climate – Hot season is from March to May, rainy season is from June to October and cold season is from November to February 3. EARLY HISTORY Pyu (1st century BC) – entered the Irrawaddy Valley / established city states * Mon (6th century BC) – southern part of Myanmar / had cultural and economic links with India > Buddhism * Mranma/Bamar/Burmans (9th century BC) – settled in the Irrawaddy basin / dominant ethnic group / started the Pagan empire 4. 1044-1077 *Founded by King Anawrahta * Flourished in the upper Irrawaddy Valley * Laid the foundation of the Burmese language and culture, the spread of Burman ethnicit y, and the growth of Theravada Buddhism in Burma and in the mainland * Fall: attacks of the Mongol empire . WARRING STATES PERIOD * Ava Kingdom (1364-1555) – Led by  Burmanized Shan kings who claimed descent from Pagan kings – Founded by  Thadominbya * Hanthawaddy Kingdom/Hanthawaddy Pegu – Dominant kingdom in southern Burma – Founded by King  Wareru 6. FORTY YEARS WAR * Military conflict between Ava and Pegu * 1st half – Ava invaded Pegu and was defeated; Ava signed a truce * 2nd half – Pegu attacked Ava to stop its expansion; Ava signed another truce and broke it * After the war, Hanthawaddy Pegu reached its golden age through profits and commercializing . TOUNGOO DYNASTY * King  Mingyinyo founded the  First Taungoo Dynasty * Tabinshwehti unified most of Burma and was crowned king of all Burma in 1544 *Burma became an important trading center with the coming of European traders * Bayinnaung succeeded the throne in 1551 and reigne d for 30 years, launching a campaign of conquest invading several states 8. KONBAUNG DYNASTY * Last dynasty in Burma * Founded by a village-chief  Alaungpaya Reunited all of Burma, extinguished the Hanthawaddy dynasty and drove out the European powers who provided arms to Hanthawaddy * 1760-1855 – series of wars with Siam until the two countries exchanged Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Siam) 9. FIRST ANGLO-BURMESE WAR * King Bodawpaya – expanded westward which happened to include areas near the borders of the British India * British won – full control over Assam, Manipur, Cachar, Arakan, Jaintia, and Tenasserim * Burmese – forced to pay 1M pound sterling and sign a commercial treaty * Longest and most expensive war in British Indian history 10.SECOND ANGLO-BURMESE WAR * Commodore George Lambert – sent to Burma to resolve some minor issues regarding the Treaty of Yandabo * George Lambert blocked the port of Rangoon, seizing the King’s royal ship * Britain also wanted the teak forests in the southern parts of Burma and the port between Calcutta and Singapore * The British succeeded – annexed Pegu and renaming it Lower Burma 11. THIRD ANGLO-BURMESE WAR King Mindon tried to modernize the Burmese state and economy to resist British encroachments * The British claimed that Mindon’s son, Thibaw Min, was a tyrant intending to side with the French * The British won for the last time, making Burma a province of the British Raj 12. BRITISH RULE * Capital at Rangoon *Traditional Burmese society was changed by the end of monarchy * Demand for Burmese rice grew and lands were opened for cultivation * Farmers were forced to borrow money from Indian moneylenders called ‘chettiars’ * Burmese economy grew but all the power and wealth remained in the British firms 3. NATIONALIST MOVEMENT * Dominated by Ethnic Burmese * Strongly anti-Chinese and anti-Indians * Domination of Myanmar economy by foreign cap ital stimulated the dev’t of socialist ideology * The stress on Buddhism as being the core of cultural, religious and personal identity alienated the non-Burmese 14. JAPANESE RULE * Nominally declared Burma independent as the ‘State of Burma’ on August 1, 1943 * Asia for the Asians Co-Prosperity Sphere (self-sufficient bloc of Asian nations led by the Japanese and free of Western powers) * 1944: Aung San established the Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League *1945: British troops had regained control 15. INDEPENDENCE * Britain – move Myanmar towards full self-governance (under the British Commonwealth) * January 1947: Aung San led the AFPFL to London – election for a constitution * Won the elections, but Aung San was assassinated U Nu led Myanmar to independence from the British on January 4, 1948 * Union of Burma – federal state composed of large Burmese are and four upland states * General Ne Win – led a military coup to overthr ow U Nu’s elected government * Many people supported the coup = end to the corruption, instability, inflation and social unrest * Military-based political party: Burma Socialist Program Party *1974: new Constitution – Socialist Republic of the Union Of Burma * 1987: UN – Myanmar as the least developed nation, one of the world’s 10 poorest countries * Two economies: the legal state-controlled economy & the black market economy * State Law and Order Restoration Council – General Saw Maung * Aung San Suu Kyi, daughter of Aung San, won the elections but was placed under house arrest * March 27, 2006 – the capital was officially named  Naypyidaw Myodaw (Royal City of the Seat of Kings) * 2005 – capital from  Yangon to  Naypyidaw * May 10, 2008 – from the  Union of Myanmar  to the  Republic of the Union of Myanmar

Summary of Shakespeares Plots †Literature Essay

Summary of Shakespeares Plots – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Summary of Shakespeares Plots Literature Essay Shakespeare is all about mind games. Each and every one of his famous works from Othello to A Midsummer Night’s Dream to Hamlet plays with the emotional and psychological aspect of a person’s mind. In Othello, Shakespeare strikes at the flaw of being too valiant and twists the soul. Where, A Midsummer Night’s Dream is a comedy, however, the mastermind Shakespeare, throws tricks that confuse the heart. Lastly, Hamlet by William Shakespeare unfolds the deep internal confessions in Hamlet’s last soliloquy; through his stream of consciousness he draws our anxious attention to reveal his intentions. Throughout Hamlet’s turmoil within he successfully invokes excitement, fear, and mystery. When he says â€Å"What is a man, /If his chief good and market of his time/Be but to sleep and feed?†(4.4.36-38) Hamlet infers that a man is not a man; he’s a beast, unless he has a purpose. Hamlet tosses and turns in his excessively thought out process of whether to end his own cowardly life or to kill another worthy of death. Whether he decides one or the other, our blood races, our breath quickens; our eyes scramble for more words to figure out his mystery. He’s getting close to a decision. With it there’s a sense of excitement because some action is anticipated to finally happen. After all of his rollercoaster of fits of anger, depression, and helplessness hearing these words promotes a sense of closure, a definitive answer, and confidence. So what’s his next move? William Shakespeare writes out the story of Hamlet as it happens, like hamlet’s thoughts. Both the audience and hamlet himself, doesn’t know what’s going to happen next until it does. This literary strategy leaves us almost in the dark, which heightens our senses, procures feelings of wonderment and immense suspense. It is in Hamlet’s fourth and last soliloquy that this play reaches a climax and a resolution. Referring to line 68 and 69 in act four scene four â€Å"O, from this time fourth, /My thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth!† To hear this finale after his ramblings before, it’s a refreshing feeling. No one wants to be in an indecisive turmoil of hell like Hamlet was in. He takes charge and finally stands firm making everyone say ‘yes!’ for feeling accomplished. However, this long waited answer was done on purpose, in retrospect Shakespeare loves to toy with the human emotions. Shakespeare was the mastermind and Hamlet w as his muse to build up pressure until, like a volcano it bursts. All of this conclusiveness is thanks to Fortinbras’s army that passed Hamlet’s path. How? Such fearless action portrayed by the army showed Hamlet that he was wasting time wallowing in his dark abyss. As aforementioned, the realization of the brilliance in Shakespeare’s work Hamlet dawns upon those who cross its path. This small segment out of the whole play shows how someone from hundreds of years in the past can still evoke excitement, suspense to a climax and such refreshing resolution. The most important times in this play was not the actions or events that took place for those are only mortal and temporary. Believe it or not it was the thoughts that were expressed, the psychological parts that will last in us and affect for eternity. Research Papers on Summary of Shakespeare's Plots - Literature EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnThe Hockey GameAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThree Concepts of PsychodynamicWhere Wild and West MeetArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayUnreasonable Searches and Seizures

What Is NATO A Short Introduction

What Is NATO A Short Introduction SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re thinking about taking the AP U.S. History or AP World History exams, it’s important that you have a good understanding of the major events and organizations that have shaped the nation- and the world. One critical topic that you should know about is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO. If you’ve watched the news (or listened in history class!), you’ve probably heard the term NATO mentioned quite a bit. But what is NATO, exactly? And why is NATO important? In this short but sweet guide, we’ll give you all the need-to-know information about NATO, like NATO’s definition, an overview of NATO history, and a look into how NATO works today. We’ll also give you a short list of additional resources that you can check out for evenmoreinformation. So let’s get started! What Is NATO: Definition and Overview So what is NATO, exactly? The general purpose of NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, starts with NATO’s definition: NATO a multi-national political and military alliance dedicated to the collective security and defense of its member nations. NATO operates on the belief that a strong international alliance is critical to maintaining peace. Beyond helping member nations with issues of security and stability, NATO also provides support to the United Nations help with international peacekeeping operations, including missions that combat terrorism, protect civilians, and promote world peace. Originally founded on April 4th, 1949 when its 12 founding members signed the North Atlantic Treaty, NATO is now comprised of 29 members from around the world and has political partnerships with 21 other nations. Together, all of the NATO countries work together to â€Å"guarantee the freedom and security† of its member nations through a combination of international diplomacy, conflict prevention, and- if necessary- military intervention. This picture was taken outside of NATO's second headquarters in Paris, France in the 1950s A Glimpse Into NATO History: NATO’s Formation To fully answer the question â€Å"What is NATO?†, it’s important to understand the historical and political context behind NATO’s formation. The End of World War II and the Rise of the American Superpower World War II was perhaps the most defining moment of the 20th century. The Second World War pitted the world’s greatest powers against one another through two opposing military alliances: the Axis and the Allies. The United States- along with France, Poland, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and 21 other nations- banded together to fight against the Axis powers and Hitler’s plan to create a new world order. The war, which started on September 1, 1939, would rage for six long and bloody years before its conclusion on September 2, 1945. Historians estimate that the war resulted in 85 million casualties, including the 6 million Jews who were killed during the Holocaust. The end of World War II caused the global political winds to shift overnight. Most of Europe, which was already struggling after World War I, ended World War II economically devastated. Not only was the population decimated, 70 percent of Europe’s industrial infrastructure had been destroyed during the conflict. This caused Europe’s economy- including the economies of the world’s biggest political empires- to collapse. As a result, the United States suddenly found itself positioned as one of the world’s leading economic and political superpowers for three major reasons. First, the country’s late entry into the theater limited World War II’s economic toll. In fact, quite the opposite happened. Because the United States supplied the Allied forces with food, weapons, and military equipment, World War II created a booming wartime economy for the States. The Second World War was such a boon to the American economy that it actually ended the Great Depression! Second, the United States saw almost no action on its own soil (with the exception of the Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941). That meant that America didn’t have to undertake the massive, and expensive, rebuilding effort of its Western European allies. Third, and perhaps most importantly, the United States bankrolled the reconstruction of Europe...for a profit, of course. American Corporations involved in the war effort saw ballooning profits because of the reconstruction efforts, which were bolstered by The 1946 Marshall Plan, which pledged an additional $13 billion dollars to Europe in aid. So while the United States was committed to helping their fellow Allied powers rebuild, it wasn’t afraid to build its own economy at the same time. The Soviet Union, the Cold War, and Communism But the United States wasn’t the only emerging world power after the Second World War. Despite fighting alongside one another during World War II, the alliance between the Soviet Union (or USSR) and the United States started to deteriorate during the post-war reconstruction period. As World War II began winding down, the communist Soviet Union- led by Joseph Stalin- began its own imperialist expansion. The Soviet Union had managed the eastern front of the World War II battle theater, and as the Red Army beat back Germany, set up its own occupation of formerly German-occupied states like Poland and Czechoslovakia. And rather than relinquish these nations at the close of the war, the Soviet Union maintained control and installed pro-communist regimes. The Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, along with the USSR’s blockade of West Berlin in an attempt to gain political control of post-war Germany, convinced the United States that the Soviet Union had become a threat to democracy on par with the now-defeated Nazi Germany. Thus, the U.S. government adopted a policy of containment in order to halt the spread of communism into Western Europe. Additionally, the U.S. revealed the Truman Doctrine in 1947, which was a foreign policy that promised American aid to any democratic country that was threatened by outside totalitarian regimes. While the United States and its allies started to view the Soviet Union as an emerging communist threat, the Soviets had also soured on their alliance with the West. The USSR had suffered catastrophic casualties during World War II. The country had lost 11 million soldiers and suffered between 7 million and 20 million civilian casualties. The Soviet economy was also struggling. Beyond spending $125 billion on wartime efforts, the USSR’s economy had simultaneously shrunk by 20 percent between 1941 and 1945. The USSR had sacrificed both manpower and resources to defeat Nazi Germany, and it was sorely in need of financial assistance during post-war reconstruction. The United States was willing to offer the Soviets financial aid under The Marshall Plan, but the USSR wasn’t happy with the stipulations. First, the plan offered aid to Germany, which Russia disagreed with. The USSR, which now occupied Eastern Germany, wanted total control over whatever funds Germany received as part of The Marshall Plan. Second, The Marshall Plan required countries that accepted aid to adopt elements of democratic governance, including instituting principles of a free market economy. Stalin suspected- and rightly so- that The Marshall Plan was designed to weaken the USSR’s hold on the newly-acquired Eastern Bloc countries and, in turn, stymie communist expansion. As a consequence, Stalin required the Eastern Bloc nations, which were devastated by the war, to reject The Marshall Plan and instead instituted The Molotov Plan, which pledged to rebuild Eastern Europe. This tension led to both sides drawing a line in the sand. The Soviets and the United States positioned themselves on opposite sides of an ideological battle between communism and democracy, which marked the beginning of The Cold War. This is the NATO Authentication certificate that allsignatoriesreceivedafter signing the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949.Archive/U.S. Diplomacy Center Signing the North Atlantic Treaty The writing was on the wall: the Allied powers had defeated one totalitarian enemy only to suspect that another in the form of Soviet Russia was waiting on their doorstep. The United States feared the outbreak of another major war as tensions with the USSR escalated, and President Harry S. Truman believed that a strong political alliance was critical in containing the Soviet threat. As a result, Truman called for the formation of a defensive alliance of countries bordering the North Atlantic. The foundational idea behind this alliance was to serve as a deterrent against the USSR’s expansion into Western Europe. To do this, the signing nations agreed to a system of mutual defense. If one country was attacked by an outside power (like the USSR), it would be perceived as an attack against all of the alliance’s member nations. That would allow the United States to step in and help its democratic allies beat back a Soviet incursion, which in turn would prevent the encroachment of communism into Western Europe. This alliance was formalized with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington D.C. on April 4, 1949. These 12 originating countries, all of which were part of the Allied forces during World War II, created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO. Master Sgt. Scott Wagers/Defense Department NATO’s Requirements for Membership In 1949, NATO limited its membership to 12 allied nations that shared a border with the Atlantic Ocean. But as the world became more connected politically and economically, NATO recognized the need to expand its membership. As of today, NATO membership is now open â€Å"any other European state in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area.† As a result, NATO membership as more than doubled since the alliance’s inception and now includes 29 member nations. (You can find a complete list of member countries a little later in this article!) NATO has expanded over the past 70 years, but membership criteria remains strict. Admission into NATO is outlined in Article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty. Here’s what it says: The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this Treaty. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America will inform each of the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession. Article 10 puts three stipulations on aspiring member states. First, new members must agree to all the elements of the North Atlantic Treaty, including its commitment to democracy and collective defense. Second, only European states can become members. And third, in order to join an aspiring nation must meet all the criteria set forth by current member states, which is summarized in a Membership Action Plan (MAP). NATO’s Membership Action Plan The MAP is the backbone of NATO’s admissions process and while it’s customized to fit each potential country, the MAP also requires each applying nation to report on its progress in each of five areas each year (until admission is granted or denied). These five areas are: Democracy: Willingness to settle international, ethnic or external territorial disputes by peaceful means, commitment to the rule of law and human rights, and democratic control of armed forces Finances: Ability to contribute to the organization's defense and missions Cooperation: Devotion of sufficient resources to armed forces to be able to meet the commitments of membership Security: Security of sensitive information, and safeguards ensuring it Compatibility: Compatibility of domestic legislation with NATO cooperation In addition to these general areas, each member nation is allowed to present additional criteria member nations must meet to gain admission. That means that each MAP is tailor-fit to each applying country; no two membership plans are alike! When a country receives a MAP, NATO provides feedback and advice to petitioning countries and evaluates their progress after their annual presentation. Once a country has met all the admissions criteria outlined in its MAP, NATO gives it an invitation to begin accession talks. NATO is selective about countries it gives a MAP to; in fact, countries must be nominated for admission into NATO by a current member nation before a MAP is ever considered! As of 2019, two countries- Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia- have a Membership Action Plan in place. Beyond being selective, NATO’s admissions process is a long one. How long, exactly? The three countries most recently admitted into NATO (Albania, Croatia, and Montenegro) took seven to eight years to complete their Membership Action Plans! Colin Watts/Unsplash Funding NATO Since NATO is a collective, each member nation is expected to contribute to the alliance financially. There are two ways member nations do this: through indirect and direct contributions. Indirect Contributions These are the largest pool of contributions and come when member countries volunteer resources to help NATO enact a policy or support a mission. For example, an indirect contribution would be a country contributing troops, equipment, or supplies to support one of NATO’s crisis management missions. Additionally, the country- not NATO- bears the cost for this donation. (In other words, countries donate these things at their own expense!) Direct Contributions Unlike indirect contributions, direct contributions are made financially. In other words, these are liquid funds that are used to support projects that benefit all member nations collectively. Each member nation is required to meet some form of its funding requirements through direct contributions. This is because there are some missions, like diplomatic or aid endeavors, that are best handled through immediate spending. How Much Do Countries Donate? So, how much is each country expected to pay into the collective NATO pool? Well, that depends. NATO uses a cost-sharing formula that accounts for each nation’s Gross Domestic Product, or GDP. This is calculated by percentage. In 2014, in an effort to increase NATO’s defense efforts, the NAC agreed to require each country to donate two percent of their GDP to NATO’s operating budget through indirect and direct contributions. This helps keep things fair. If NATO set a specific dollar amount that each country had to meet, smaller countries might struggle to meet their financial obligations. This way, each country can contribute based on how their economy is performing, which helps keep the financial burden of NATO membership equal. European NATO member nations are in navy blue Current NATO Member Nations NATO was originally founded by twelve nations that shared borders with the Atlantic Ocean, NATO membership has grown to include 29 nations from all around the world. Here’s a list of every nation currently in NATO along with their entrance date. (We’ve bolded the names of the founding 12 nations for easy reference, too.) Albania (2009) Greece (1952) Poland (1999) Belgium (1949) Hungary (1999) Portugal (1949) Bulgaria (2004) Iceland (1949) Romania (2004) Canada (1949) Italy (1949) Slovakia (2004) Croatia (1949) Latvia (2004) Slovenia (2004) Czech Republic (1999) Lithuania (2004) Spain (1982) Denmark (1949) Luxembourg (1949) Turkey (1952) Estonia (2004) Montenegro (2017) The United Kingdom (1949) France (1949) Netherlands (1949) The United States (1949) Germany (1955) Norway (1949) NATO's official flag NATO’s Purpose Today Although NATO was formed as a deterrent for the USSR’s expansion and the spread of communism, NATO didn’t disband when the USSR collapsed in 1991. Instead, NATO continues to fulfill the NATO definition of defending its members and supporting democracy to this day. In a 2010 Strategic Concept agreement, NATO states its three core tasks as collective defense, crisis management, and cooperative security. These three goals form the backbone of NATO and steer its decisions. In the next section, we’ll take a look at each of these three pillars more closely. Collective Defense First and foremost, NATO serves as a defensive alliance founded on upholding democratic values and principles. Its primary purpose is creating a network of collective defense, which means that member nations work together to ensure that all countries in the alliance are secure from outside threats. NATO does this by sharing knowledge, financial, and personnel resources with member nations. This includes sharing intelligence, but it also involves more practical tactics like bringing countries’ military technology up to date. While NATO’s first goal is to resolve international conflicts diplomatically, the alliance is also set up to use military force to defend allied nations when necessary. This aspect of collective defense (also known as NATO’s Article 5) and was the major reason NATO was founded in 1949. This principle states that if one nation is attacked by an outside force, the alliance will view it as an attack on every member nation. In other words, attacking one member of NATO means that all the countries in the alliance will respond. This allows bigger, more powerful countries in the alliance to protect its smaller NATO allies. In turn, smaller nations give NATO better tactical positioning in relationship to potentially adversarial global powers (like Russia and China). By essentially surrounding potential adversaries with allied nations, NATO disincentivises territorial expansion. Crisis Management Because NATO is committed to maintaining global peace by promoting security, the organization is also committed to responding to global crises before, during, and after they arise. This includes a mix of military and non-military tactics which are tailored to each crisis, which in turn dictates the scope and scale of NATO’s response. NATO is also positioned to help other political allies, like the United Nations, in their responses to global crises. Most recently, NATO implemented the UN’s resolution to protect civilians in Libya during its civil war. Finally, because crisis management supports NATO’s commitment to security, NATO helps its member nations and political allies train in crisis management techniques. This ensures that NATO can respond quickly with an international effort whenever an international crisis arises. Cooperative Security NATO’s last, and newest, core task is cooperative security. Introduced in 2010, this task focuses on creating an extended network of cooperation between member and non-member countries to tackle global problems quickly and efficiently. To do this, NATO focuses on strengthening its relationships with partner nations. These are countries who aren’t part of NATO but work with NATO to tackle security problems in their region and across the world. As of 2019, NATO works with 40 other nations in some capacity. The goal of these partnerships is to share information, knowledge, and other resources in order to create more stability and security across the globe. Additionally, NATO makes sure that all of its member nations have fairly equal military and technological capabilities. This also includes training: all member nations have access to NATO trainers to make sure countries have the knowledge and skills they need to respond to security threats. By making sure all member nations are capable partners, NATO as a whole becomes stronger. A meeting of the North Atlantic Council in 2010Wikimedia NATO’s Command Structure NATO nations are committed to working together as part of the alliance and work together on a daily basis. In terms of the alliance’s operational structure, NATO is split into two major categories: the NATO diplomatic delegations and the military representatives. Let’s take a closer look at both to see how NATO nations work together to make decisions and work together toward their common goals. NATO Diplomatic Delegations and the North Atlantic Council The diplomatic delegations represent the political arm of NATO. Each NATO member nation sends a delegation to represent their country to NATO’s headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. These representatives attend around 6,000 meetings a year! The most important element of NATO’s political arm is the North Atlantic Council, or the NAC. This council oversees the political and military processes that affect the alliance. To this end, the NAC serves as the political decision-making body of NATO. In other words, any NATO decision- whether that’s an initiative, resolution, or military action- is voted on by the NAC. To keep representation equal, each member nation has one seat on the NAC, which meets once a week. And just like collective defense, the NAC operates through collective decision making. Unlike the U.S. legislature, where decisions are approved by majority vote, the NAC only implements policies that are â€Å"agreed upon on the basis of unanimity and common accord.† In other words, the NAC makes decisions through consensus, and those decisions represent the will of every member country on the council. The diplomatic branch of NATO has one other notable subcommittee called the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG). Like the NAC, every NATO member nation (with the exception of France, which decided not to participate) has representation within the committee whether they have nuclear capabilities or not. The group’s goal is to monitor nuclear forces around the globe while shaping NATO’s own nuclear policies in regards to arms control and nuclear proliferation. Thus, the NPG deals specifically with nuclear issues and reports to the NAC, who makes the final decision on anything the Nuclear Planning Group puts forward. The NATO Military Committee delivers remarks to the press Dominique A. Piniero/U.S. Department of Defense Military Representatives and the Military Committee Because NATO is a defense alliance, NATO has a military branch of operation, too. This branch is comprised of three operational groups: the Military Committee (MC), Allied Command Operations (ACO), and Allied Command Transformation (ACT). Let’s take a look at all three groups and their unique responsibilities. The Military Committee This committee advises the NAC on military policy and strategy and is charged with enacting all of NAC’s military-based decisions. Its main job is to oversee NATO’s military operations and translate the NAC’s decisions into military direction. Similar to the NAC, each nation has one representative that sits on the Military Committee. These seats are held by each member state’s Chief of Defense (or their proxy) and meet at least once a week to discuss ongoing operations and ongoing security concerns. Additionally, the Military Committee oversees the other two groups of the military branch: Allied Command Operations and Allied Command Transformation. Allied Command Operations NATO’s ACO is headquartered in Mons, Belgium at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), and it’s run by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). The ACO is responsible for the planning and execution of all Alliance operations and reports to the Military Committee. So once the NAC decides to use military force for crisis management, the control of the operation is turned over to the ACO, which runs the operation from beginning to end. To do this, ACO has three overlapping operational levels: strategic, operational, and tactical. This allows ACO to run complete military operations, including the command of both NATO and joint military forces (which are military forces â€Å"donated† to NATO by member nations for use in NATO-sanctioned operations). But as the world changes, so has the ACO’s role in NATO. The newest responsibility of ACO was assigned by the North Atlantic Council in 2018. After their meeting in Brussels, the NAC decided to establish a Cyberspace Operations Centre dedicated to defending member nations against cyber attacks from outside forces, too. Allied Command Transformation NATO’s ACT is the second branch of military command in NATO and was formed in 2003 to help NATO address future threats. It is located in Norfolk, Virginia and is run by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation, or SACT. Like the ACO, the SACT reports to the Military Committee and is responsible for making sure that ACT and NATO are preparing for modern and future threats to the security of its member nations. Put another way, the goal of ACT is to plan for the future. Its job is to lay the groundwork for NATO’s military forces to adapt quickly to changing threats and prepare for security issues looming on the horizon. This includes reporting to the Military Committee and advising them on current tactics and future problems. Additionally,ACT is charged with bringing all member nations up to speed in terms of their military capabilities. Not only do they provide training to member nations’ military forces, they serve as a sort of lobby group to persuade member nations’ governments to invest in security and military preparedness, too. A Spanish F-18 takes off on aNATO bombing run during the Bosnian War Dixie Trawick/U.S. National Archives Key Moments in NATO History Ever since its founding in 1949, NATO has been a key actor in global political, military, and peacekeeping efforts. Here are some of the most pivotal moments in NATO’s seventy-year history. 1991: Collapse of the USSR In 1991, the USSR officially disbanded, granting each of its formerly-sovereign nations back their independence. This brought NATO’s original operating mission (and The Cold War) to an end; after all, NATO was originally created to stop the USSR and the spread of communism. Instead of disbanding, NATO nations decided to continue NATO’s mission of promoting peace, freedom, and collective security. 1995: The Bosnian War The Bosnian War began in 1992 with the breakup of Yugoslavia. As the situation deteriorated, the United Nations called for a no-fly zone to be set up over Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO stepped in to manage the operation on behalf of the UN and took its first military action when NATO shot down four Bosnian Serb aircraft that were violating the no-fly zone. 1999: Kosovo Intervention The Kosovo War began in 1998, and soon after the fighting began, reports began to trickle in about the displacement of more than 250,000 Albanians. The United Nations responded with a resolution calling for a ceasefire. When the resolution failed to stop the conflict, NATO issued an â€Å"activation warning,† which meant NATO was prepared to use military force to mitigate the conflict. When peace talks deteriorated, NATO launched an air campaign that included bombing of key targets. NATO also played a key role in negotiating the end of the war and helping restore stability by stationing 30,000 troops in Kosovo. 2001: September 11th, 2001 The terrorist attacks that brought down the Twin Towers in New York were the first foreign attack on U.S. soil since the bombing of Pearl Harbor during World War II. The attacks led NATO to invoke Article 5- which states that an attack on one ally is an attack on all- within 24 hours. In doing so, â€Å"NATO members showed their solidarity toward the United States and condemned, in the strongest possible way, the terrorist attacks against the United States.† 2003: War in Afghanistan As a result of Article 5, NATO nations rallied to support the United States’ conflict in Afghanistan. NATO agreed to eight official actions/missions, which included the deployment of troops, military support, and supplies to the region. In 2003, NATO also agrees to take command of the ISAF, or International Security Assistance Force, in Afghanistan, which marks the first NATO crisis management mission outside of the North Atlantic region. 2011: Libya Intervention The Libyan Civil War begins when Libyan protests against their totalitarian government bubble over into a full-blown revolution. The United Nations called for a ceasefire and authorized military measures to protect Libyan civilians. NATO began enforcing the UN’s resolution in March 2011, which included creating a no-fly zone over the country and 9,500 air strikes. After the rebel’s victory, NATO agreed to provide training for the new Libyan government and consult on security issues. Mahendra Kumar/Unsplash Resources for Further Reading Want to learn even more about the Cold War and NATO history? We’ve found four super helpful resources just for you! NATO’s Official Website NATO’s official website offers a thorough overview of NATO’s history along with its current policies, operations, and strategic missions. This is a great place to start if you want up-to-the-minute news about NATO’s current actions and international positions. (Don’t forget to check out NATO’s official Facebook, Youtube, and Twitter accounts, too.) It also has a fantastic chart that explains NATO’s operating structure! The U.S. State Department’s NATO Overview The U.S State Department’s overview of America’s involvement with NATO offers a more U.S. centered view on NATO’s formation, including the signing of the North American Treaty. For a short NATO history overview with a more American focus, this is a good place to start! Defense of the West by Stanley Sloan If you’re wanting a more comprehensive, in-depth look at the history of NATO from its formation to modern day, Stanley Sloan’s book should be your first stop. Sloan, a Senior Fellow in the Scowcroft Center at the Atlantic Council of the United States, dives into NATO’s definition, founding principles, and continued role on the world stage. He also discusses NATO’s future, especially as its member nations face new and complicated challenges to their security. Understanding NATO in the 21st Century edited by Graeme P. Herd and John Kriendler If you really want to dig deeper into NATO’s role in the 21st century, look no further than Graeme P. Herd and John Kriendler’s book. This book compilesessays from many different academics and historians to give readers a better, more thorough sense of NATO’s current role in global politics and the current challenges facing the organization. This is definitely an academic book, but the essays offer interesting new insights into NATO’s evolving role on the global stage. What’s Next? NATO is just one pivotal part of modern history...and it’s just one topic you might find on an AP History exam. To get a better understanding of U.S. history, check out some of these books on our AP History Exam reading list. Of course, one of the best ways to learn more about U.S. history is to make sure you’re taking history classes. Most high schools offer a variety of history classes, so make sure you’re taking the right ones for you. AP exams aren’t the only specialized tests available for college-bound high school students hoping to earn some college credit. Did you know that the SAT offers subject exams, too? This article will teach you more about the SAT subject tests and help you decide whether you should take them.